Nutritional deficiency arises when the body does not absorb the essential amount of nutrients. Malnutrition is the result of your body not receiving sufficient amount of the nutrients it needs. Nutritional Deficiencies lead to a variety of health issues, such as Depression which is a common and debilitating mood disorder that is distressing many people around the world. Various other Nutritional disorders are Fatigue Disorders, Vitamin and mineral deficiency disorders and mental disorders. Nutritional disorders can occur because of fewer intakes of proper food or by overconsumption of different types of food. They can occur in any age of an individual, since they interfere with growth and development, and may incline to many health problems, such as infections and chronic diseases.

Nutrition plays a major role in the recovery for cancer patients. Clinical studies have enlightened the relation between Nutrition and Cancer, which have increased the importance of nutrition in cancer recovery. Clinical nutrition plays a significant role in keeping healthy nutrition balance in patients. It has been estimated that if diet, physical activity and weight management are compounded together then 30% of the cancers could be prevented. Eating the right kinds of foods before, after, and during cancer treatment can help the patient feel stronger and stay better. A healthy diet includes eating and drinking enough of foods and liquids that have the important role for nutrients (vitamins, minerals, protein, carbohydrates, fat, and water) the body needs.

Nutritional Therapy is the application of nutrition science in the promotion of health, peak performance and individual care. Renowned Nutritionists use a wide range of tools to assess and identify potential nutritional imbalance and understand how these may cause for an individual’s symptoms and health concerns. This approach allows them to work with individuals to address nutritional balance and help the body to remain healthy. Nutritional Therapy is considered as a complementary medicine and is relevant for individuals with chronic conditions, as well as those who are looking for support to enhance their health and wellbeing. The few Nutritional Therapies such as Diabetes Nutrition therapy, Medical Nutrition Therapy and Cognitive Nutrition Therapy etc.

Clinical nutrition plays a significant role in keeping healthy nutrition balance in patients. It is the nutrition for patients and health care. It denotes to the management of patients in hospitals. It joins primarily the scientific fields of nutrition and dietetics. The main aim for clinical nutrition is to keep a healthy energy balance in patients, as well as providing adequate amounts of nutrients such as protein, vitamins, minerals. Nutritional Assessment, Parenteral nutrition and Nutrition Physiology comes under clinical nutrition. 

Sports Nutrition is the study of nutrition and diet. It is concerned with the type and quantity of fluid and food intake by an athlete, and further deals with nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, supplements and organic substances such as carbohydrates, proteins and fats. Sports Nutrition deals with Exercise, Nutrition and Health, maintenance of body composition, Energy balance, sports food and energy drinks and whey protein nutrition.

Pediatric nutrition includes proper balanced diet consisting of the necessary nutrients and the suitable caloric intake required to promote growth and withstand the physiologic necessities at the numerous stages of a child's growth. Pediatric nutritional needs vary with respect to age, level of activity, and environmental conditions which are directly related to growth. Breastfeeding has important ingredients to build the baby’s immune system. Pediatric nutrition must consist of essential vitamins and minerals for the growth and development. Proteins are the basic units required for the construction of the body muscles and in all the metabolic activities of the body. To increase the calcium level intake, dairy products are desirable.

A balanced diet provides body the required nutrients to organs and tissues for proper functioning. If deprived of nutrition, then our body is more prone to infections, fatigue, disease and mental disorders. Children with a poor nutrition consumption leads to the risk of growth and developmental problems and poor academic performance. Bad eating habits can persist for the rest of their lives. Nutritional education and counselling programs are required to educate people about Balanced Nutrition and Dietary Assessment studies. 

Medical nutrition therapy aids in prevention of diabetes. Nutritional Therapy is integral component of diabetes self-management education.  Diabetes mellitus is a collection of metabolic diseases in which there are high blood sugar levels over an extended period. Symptoms of high blood sugar include frequent urination, increased thirst, and increased hunger. Proper meal plans should be followed in order to prevent diabetes. If left untreated, diabetes can cause many complications. Diabetic counselling and prevention methodologies and Diabetic meal plan can be followed for prevention from diabetes.

In Obesity, excess body fat has amassed to the extent that it causes adverse effects. Essential nutrients consumption helps in reduction of obesity. Obesity is a rising alarm, being overweight is broadly regarded as a major risk factor for metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and premature death. Diet, Exercise, behaviour and lifestyle interventions are most important in the development of obesity. Obesity and Nutrition deals with Obesity and its Treatment, weight management tips, weight loss surgery, obesity related disorders and healthy lifestyle management. Behaviour Modification helps in prevention from obesity.

Nutrition for Adolescents and Teens is essential for their good health and overall growth. Adolescence is a critical period for the growth and development, so good nutrition is essential during this period. During adolescence, the nutrients including energy, protein, vitamins and minerals is very important. As appetite is also likely to increase, it is important to choose food carefully. It can be tempting at this time to increase the intake of snacks and fast foods that contain high amount of fat, sugar and salt. It deals with Nutritional requirements in infants and children, ways of prevention of low birth weight cases, preventing malnutrition in children, high risk Nutrition Related Problems.

Maternal nutrition plays a critical role in foetal growth and development. Nutrition in pregnancy refers to the nutrient consumption, and dietary scheduling that is commenced before, throughout and later pregnancy. Nutrition of the foetus begins at conception, because of this nutrition of the mother is of prime importance during pregnancy and breast feeding for Prevention of maternal deaths. Maternal under-nutrition during gestation reduces placental and foetal growth of both domestic animals and humans. Current studies have shown that the nutrition of the mother will have a consequence on the child, including the risk for cancer, cardiovascular disease, hypertension and diabetes throughout life.

Iron deficiency  is among the most extensively found  nutritional deficiency among the world, which further leads to Anaemia, a blood disorder that causes fatigue, weakness, and a variety of other indications.  Poor nutritional status leads to poor health and susceptibility to infections. Nutritional illness leads to a lot of diseases like HIV/AIDS, Congestive Heart Failure, Diabetes, Kidney disease, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson’s disease.

Plant nutrition is among the major divisions of nutritional science. It focusses on foods derived from plant sources. The field of Plant Nutrition provides Genetically Modified Crops which helps in prevention of various diseases. Nutraceuticals are products derived from food sources that are supposed to provide additional health benefits, along with the basic nutritional value found in foods. Depending on the authority, products may claim to prevent chronic diseases, improve health, delay the aging process, increased life expectancy, or support the structure or function of the body.

Nutrigenetics goal is to identify how genetic difference affects response to nutrients. This information can be pragmatic to enhance health, and prevent diseases. The ultimate goal of nutrigenetics is to offer people modified nutrition based on their genetic makeup.  Nutrigenomics is a branch of Nutritional genomics which studies about the effects of food constituents on gene expression. This means that nutrigenomics is research focusing on identifying and understanding molecular-level interaction between nutrients and other dietary bioactives with the genome. Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics hold much potential for providing better nutritional information to the public generally, genetic subgroups and individuals.

An optimal nutritional package should guarantee adequate intakes of amino acids, carbohydrates, fatty acids, minerals, and vitamins by animals through a supplementation package that modifies deficiencies in basal diets. Dietary supplementation with certain nutrients such as arginine, glutamine and zinc can regulate gene expression and metabolic paths to enhance immune function, fertility, pregnancy outcome, neonatal survival and growth, feed efficiency and meat quality. The proper balance of protein, vitamins and all nutritionally important minerals in diets is needed to make a fruitful nutrition program that is both productive and economical.

Animal nutrition deals with nutritional benefits on intake of Dairy products, genetically modified animal nutrition, Meats and fish. The rapid increase in collective consumption of meat and milk is pushed by millions of people with rising incomes expanding from mainly starch-based diets into diets containing rising quantities of dairy and Meat industry. The fundamental forces driving these trends are set to continue, and the potential for increased demand for livestock products remains massive in large parts of the developing world. Growing consumption of dairy and other livestock products is bringing important nutritional benefits to large segments of the population of developing countries. Dairy products enable appetite control and contribute to satiety. 

Current research in Nutrition is showing us which foods may lower our danger of disease, and which are responsible for ill health. Researchers are looking to better understand Food Safety network, Food and nutrient intake dietary pattern and dietary guide, Food Quality, Safety and Sustainability. Latest research is providing advances knowledge about the correlation between nutrition and health. From all this research, new information constantly arises for people.